by
Paul Martin Lester
From
(c) 1999
A
Photojournalism An Ethical Approach
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
NOTE: Page numbers refer to the printed version.
American Photographer, 1, 125, 129
American Society of Newspaper Editors, 151
Associated Press (AP), 49, 104, 114, 123, 128, 139, 143, 149, 152
B
Bethune, Beverly, 42, 131
Buell, Hal, 77, 123, 152
C
Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 7
Chicago Tribune, 69, 123, 126
Credibility, 6, 28, 90-91, 95, 121, 132
D
Daguerre, Louis, 1, 92
Dooley, Jim, 1, 129
E
Edom, Cliff, 4
Ethical conflicts during news assignments, 8
Ethical influences, 3-4, 5, 30, 65
during feature assignments, 12
during illustration assignments, 21-22
during the editing process, 23, 29, 58
Ethical philosophersAristippus, 37
Ethical philosophies, 29-42
Aristotle, 38
Bentham, Jeremy, 36
Kant, Immanuel, 34
Mill, John, 36
Potter, Ralph, 32
Rawls, John, 39-40 categorical imperative, 34-35, 41-42, 45, 58, 63, 157, 159
Ethics code, 31, 64, 160-161, 163
categorical imperative example, 35
golden mean, 34, 38-39, 42, 45, 159
golden mean example, 39
golden rule, 5, 34, 40-42, 58, 63, 159
golden rule example, 41
hedonism, 34, 37-38, 41-42, 43, 46, 132, 159
hedonism example, 37
utilitarianism, 5, 34, 36-37, 41-42, 46, 63, 157-159
utilitarianism example, 36
veil of ignorance, 34, 39-42, 58, 159
veil of ignorance example, 40
F
Farm Security Administration (FSA), 73, 112
Frank, Robert, 76
H
Halftone process, 98-99
Horgan, Stephen, 98"Fourteen variations of the graphic process," 101
J
New York Daily Graphic, 98
"Scene in Shantytown," 100
Josephson Institute for the Advancement of Ethics, 65
early warning notes to readers, 65
Journalism loyalties, 31-33, 42, 159
Journalism news values, 6-7, 30-33, 42, 159
Journalism principles, 31-33, 42, 132, 159, 162
K
Kuykendall, Bill, I
L
Life, 1, 49, 74-75, 95, 106, 111, 114-115, 121
Look, 74, 95
M
Mather, Jay, 40, 42
Minneapolis Star Tribune, 59, 136
N
National News Council, 115
National Press Photographers Association (NPPA), 5, 47, 58, 72, 104, 122, 128, 132, 136, 139, 141, 147, 160-161
New York Daily News, 4, 47, 151
New York Times, 69, 107
News Photographer, 5, 40, 77, 121, 133, 138-139, 145, 160
O
Other issues of concern, 133-156 captions, 142-143
P
Cole, Jim, 143
McAuliffe, Christa, 142
McAuliffe family reacts, 143
children doing dangerous things, 155-156
children playing on sculpture, 155
contests, 144-145
students look at contest entries, 144
editor concerns, 156
Dunn, Bill, 156
Phillips, Bill, 156
gifts and endorsements, 149-151
Ellerbee, Linda, 150-151
Ghiglione, Loren, 151
Oppel, Richard, 149
hazardous materials assignments, 147
collapsed firefighter, 148
Green, Michael, 147
Lewis, Greg, 147
journalists helping victims, 138-139
misrepresentation, 134
child in factory, 135
Hine, Lewis, 1, 68, 134
Zekman, Pamela, 135
nude or embarrassing images, 151-153
Black, Don, 152, 155
Cortes, Ronald, 152
Daily Collegian, 152
Rockefeller, Nelson, 152
Rockefeller's obscene gesture, 153
Playboy, 152
woman shows her breasts, 151
objectivity, 132, 136-139
Andrews, Cecil, 136-138
Cecil Andrews on fire, 137
Harris, Gary, 137-138
Simmons, Ron, 136-138
Greenfield, Jeff, 139
Baughman, Ross, 135
Durmak, John, 136
Overseas Press Club (OPC), 135
Greener, Stormi, 136
Murphy, Bill, 136
packs and pools, 141-142
during Grenada invasion, 141
during hurricane Hugo, 141
during San Francisco earthquake, 142
news photographers form a pack, 142
personal appearance, 149
"Animal," 133, 149
"Animal" character on the Lou Grant show, 150
Clarkson, Rich, 149
Hertzberg, Mark, 139, 149
pictures out of context, 153-155
AIDS, 154-155
ACT UP, 155
Nixon, Nicholas, 154
drug dealer, 153-154
Detroit Free Press, 153
drug dealer in his coffin, 154
Smith, Michael, 153
police relations, 8, 139-141
police/press guidelines, 140
sheriff takes cameras, 140
stress, 145-147, 160
Gay, Jerry, 160
scene of an accident, 146
Padgett, George, 38, 64
Photojournalism assignments environmental portrait, 18-19
Photojournalism techniques
environmental portrait example, 19
general news, 9
general news assignment example, 10
human interest feature, 11-12
human interest feature example, 11
illustration, 20-22
editorial illustration example, 27
fashion illustration example, 21
food illustration example, 20
mug shot portraits, 18
mug shot portrait example, 17
pictorial feature, 12-13
pictorial feature example, 12
picture story assignments, 22-25
picture story examples, 24-25
sports, 13-16
sports action example, 14
sports feature example, 15
spot news, 7-9, 42
spot news assignment example, 9 camera choices, 8
Picture manipulations, 90-132
caption writing, 9, 13
during deadlines, 8-9
during sensitive situations, 8, 35, 38
electronic flash, 14-15, 18-19
film choices, 8
hidden cameras, 4, 34, 136
lens choices, 8, 16, 18
long lenses, 4, 12, 13, 136
unethical practices, 104 April fool's fakes, 105-106
Pictures of the Year (POY), 20, 122, 145
750-pound wishbone, 106
Yeich, Cliff, 105
college newspaper's faked edition, 108
Wisconsin state house dome collapse, 105
composite printing, 93-95, 97, 102-104, 106, 119
airplane and sign double print, 120
Demme, Eric, 119
composite print, 120
Lincoln, President, 97
Lorant, Stefan, 95
Rejlander, Oscar, 92-93
"Two Ways of Life," 93
Robinson, Henry, 93
Sherman, General, 97
Spiritualism, 102-103
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 103
Houdini, Harry, 102-103
"Reverend Tweedle and Spirits," 102
Steichen, Edward, 100
copyright concerns, 131
ImageBank/ Chicago, 131
credit misappropriation, 95, 97-98
Riis, Jacob, 46, 68, 97-98
"Bandit's Roost," 99
Lawrence, Richard Hoe, 46, 98
Pifford, Henry, 98
Brady, Mathew, 46, 94-95
"Rebel caisson destroyed by cannon fire," 94
cropping, 108-109
McCarthy, Joseph, 109
McCarthy with a cropped picture, 110
Roosevelt, President, 108-109
Wallace, George, 109
faked subjects, 91-93
Adams, Eddie, 120
Bayard's faked suicide, 91
Bayard, Hippolyte, 91-92
children tossing chestnuts, 92
Collins, Floyd, 106-108
Collins in a cave, 109
divorce trial composograph, 103
New York Evening Graphic, 104
racetrack fake, 107
Rautert, Timm, 119
Rothstein, Arthur, 73, 110, 112-114
man with two children during dust storm 113
skull on grassy and parched land, 112-113
for propaganda purposes, 101
paying subjects, 121
Crisostomo, Manny, 121
publications
Anniston Star, 121
Asahi Shimbun, 121
Atlanta, 125
Asbury Park Press, 125, 129
Better Homes and Gardens, 125
Conde Nash Traveler, 125
A Day in the Life of . . . . 124-125
Geo, 119
Hartford Courant, 125, 132
National Geographic, 123, 149
Orange County Register, 125
Parade, 120
Picture Post. 74, 95
Picture Week, 125
Popular Science, 125
Rolling Stone, 81, 125
St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 125-126
St. Petersburg Times and Evening Independent, 115
TV Guide, 125
retouching, 93-94, 99-100, 122
"Harvest of Death" engraving, 98
Lange, Dorothea, 123
San Francisco earthquake, 100
Toumachon, Gaspard Felix (Nadar), 93
stage managing, 81, 95, 100, 104, 111, 112, 114, 120-121, 138
Bourke-White, Margaret, 115
Civil War Times, 95
Gardner, Alexander, 2, 95
Gardner's sharpshooter, 96
Haiman, Robert, 33, 115, 118
Lowery, Louis, 114
Lowery's flag picture, 116
Motes, Eddie, 121
Rosenthal, Joe, 2, 114
Rothstein's flag pictures, 116-117
Smith, Gene, 2, 22, 49, 74, 115, 123
Tokomo Uemura bathing, 119
Zeisloft, Norman, 33, 115-118
Zeisloft's feet, 118 political purposes, 106, 109
when shooting, 26, 33
with a computer, 26-27, 123-128, 160
AP Leaf picture desk, 130
Barby, Bruno, 123
A Day in the Life of America cover, 124
Callahan, Sean, 125
Cohen, David, 125
Smolan, Rick, 125
Gahen, Gordon, 123
Corn, Jack, 123
E.s.p.r.i.t., 128
The Electronic Times, 128
frame grabber technology, 128
Gilka, Robert, 123
Kennedy, Tom, 123
limited input from photographers, 130-131
memory requirements, 127
Oprah Winfrey and Ann-Margret, 126
Rea, Douglas Ford, 128
reproduction quality, 127
Scitex scanning device, 127
Still video cameras, 127
Power of visual images, 43-44, 54-55
Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 38
Pulitzer Prize, 40, 43, 114-115, 125, 135, 160
R
Rights to privacy, 66-89of celebrities, 66, 78-81
Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, 81
Barr, Roseanne, 66
Baughman, Ross, 80
Cher, 80
Faye Dunaway at an airport, 80
Mundt, Whitney, 81
Murphy, Eddie, 80
Onassis and Galella, 79
Galella, Ron, 78-79
Hustler, 79
Onassis, Jackie, 78-79
Prince, 80
courtroom coverage Canon 35, 72
Chandler and Granger, 72
Lindbergh, Charles, 71
Lindbergh on the stand, 71
Zamora, Ronnie, 72
during funerals, 35, 38
Foy, Mary Lou, 35, 38
funeral for a police officer, 87
early history camera craze, 69-70
camera craze illustration, 70
Eastman, George, 69
Eastman on board ship, 68
Martin, Paul, 67
early candid view, 67
camera considerations hand-held, 70, 76
Kodak, 69
press, 68, 72
Salomon, Erich, 70
Wolff, Paul, 70
Milwaukee Journal photo staff, 73
legal restrictions to picture taking Canon 35, 72
caution to freelance photographers, 84
caution to staff photographers, 89
disclosure of public facts, 81-83
early laws, 69-70
false light, 81, 84
Cinema-X, 84
hidden cameras, 4
misappropriation, 81, 84
Eisenstaedt, Alfred, 2, 74-75
Times Square kiss, 75
misappropriation example, 85
New York Times Sunday Magazine, 84
misrepresentation example, 83
Sherer, Michael, 84
unreasonable intrusion, 81-82
burned remains of Cindy Fletcher, 82
Lange, Dorothea, 2, 73, 123
when and where pictures can be taken, 86-87
Bockwinkle, Sherry, 89
limits to personal space examples, 88
magazine style, 76-77
news subjects, 66
Bridges, Hilda, 77
Cocoa Today, 77
rescue of Hilda Bridges, 78
Maclay, Scott, 77
Eppridge, Bill, 74-75
heroin addicts picture story, 76
Thompson, Florence ("Migrant Mother"),73
S
St. Paul Dispatch and Pioneer Press, 59, 139
T
Talbot, Henry, 1, 92
Time, 1-3, 136, 148
special edition on photojournalism, 3
Television Manipulations, 90, 128-129ABC, 128, 139
U
Arledge, Roone, 128
Bloch, Felix, 128
Donaldson, Sam, 128
CBS, 128
NBC, 128
United Press International (UPI), 119, 139, 152
University of Missouri, 2, 4, 122
V
Victims of violence, 43-65accidents, 36, 41-42
fire escape victims, 60
Forman, Stanley, 36-37, 61,
King, Martin Luther, 53 suicides
Dwyer, Budd, 55-58
Dwyer suicide, 56-57
Buddhist monk, 51 war coverage
Civil War 2, 46, -
Brady, 'Mathew, 46, 94-95
Gardner, Alexander, 2, 95
Lincoln, President, 46
Crimean War, 45
Fenton, Roger, 45
Korean War, 50
Duncan, David Douglas, 50
Spanish-American War, 46
Hare, Jimmy, 46-47
Spanish Civil War
"Death of a Loyalist soldier," III
Vietnam War, 50-53, 112
Adams, Eddie, 2, 50, 111 Loan, General Nguyen, 50 street execution of Viet Cong suspect, 52
Browne, Malcolm, 50, 138 Buddhist monk, 51
Ut, Huynh Cong "Nick," 50-51 napalm attack victims, 52
World War 11, 49-50
Capa, Robert, 112
Strock, George, 49
"Three dead Americans